Diamant synthétique

Un diamant synthétique (aussi appelé diamant de synthèse ou diamant de culture) est produit en utilisant différentes techniques physiques et chimiques, visant à reproduire la structure des diamants naturels.

Les diamants synthétiques sont en janvier 2006 vendus à des prix de 10% à 50% inférieurs à ceux des diamants naturels. Leur production annuelle atteignait 3 milliards de carats (600 tonnes) et un montant d'un milliard de dollars, à comparer aux 130 millions de carats (26 tonnes) de l'extraction minière.

Les joaillers préfèrent vendre un produit de luxe, donc rare. Ce n'est donc pas dans leur intérêts d'accroître la quantité disponible, ils ont fait de gros efforts pour éviter que les pierres de synthèse s'implantent sur le marché. En revanche, l'industrie apprécie les matériaux durs, comme le diamant (le carbure de silicium, le carbure de tungstène, etc.). La synthèse de diamant fut l'une des voies explorées dans cette recherche de matériaux durs.

Avec la découverte par Smithson Tennant en 1797 que le diamant est une forme cristalline du carbone s'ouvre la voie de la synthétisation de ce matériau. Il faut attendre un peu moins d'un siècle pour que les premières expériences sérieuses commencent avec James Ballantyne Hannay en 1880 et Henri Moissan en 1893. L'expérience de Moissan ne semble pas avoir été concluante, ce dernier n'ayant obtenu que de la moissanite, autrement dit du carbure de silicium. Celle de Hannay est plus controversée, car il a été impossible de reproduire ses résultats. Plusieurs autres expériences ont lieu et seulement deux autres pourraient avoir été un succès. Celle de Otto Ruff en 1917 et celle de Willard Hersey en 1926 ^[1]. Ces expériences ne sont que des débuts hésitants de la synthèse du diamant, la première véritable synthèse a lieu dans les années 1950.

L'histoire ne reprend donc que le 16 février 1953 à Stockholm en Suède, lors du projet QUINTUS de l'entreprise d'électricité ASEA. La technique, conçue par Baltzar von Platen et le jeune ingénieur Anders Kämpe, sera gardée secrète. Un an plus tard, General Electric répète l'opération et publie ses résultats dans le magazine Nature. C'est à cette date qu'est officiellement reconnue la création du premier diamant synthétique.

A la fin des années 1950, De Beers ainsi que les Russes et les Chinois débutèrent la fabrication de diamants synthétique pour l'industrie. Cela eu pour conséquence de faire chuter la valeur des diamants naturels destinés à l'industrie.

La première véritable utilisation des diamants de synthèse en joaillerie débute vers le milieu des années 1990. En janvier 2006, principalement deux entreprises se partagent le secteur 

La technique CVD (en français Dépôt chimique en phase vapeur) créait des couches de diamant. La méthode est de placer une couche de silice ou de diamant dans une chambre où règne une pression d'un dixième d'atmosphère. De l'hydrogène et du méthane sont alors injectés et chauffés par des micro-ondes. Les deux gaz se transforment en plasma et "tombent" sur le substrat, formant une couche de diamant qui croît avec le temps (environ 0,5 mm par jour), dans laquelle seront taillés des petits diamants. Les couches peuvent également servir telles quelles pour l'industrie.

Cette technique produit des diamants bien plus purs que ceux qui sont obtenus avec la HPHT. Mais produit des diamants moins résistant que la méthode hpht.

 
http://id.wikipedia.org

トマト

トマト（学名：Solanum lycopersicum）は、ナス科ナス属の植物。また、その果実のこと。多年生植物で、果実は食用として利用される。トマトは、緑黄色野菜の一種である。
ほとんど使われないが、唐柿（とうし）、赤茄子（あかなす）、蕃茄（ばんか）、小金瓜（こがねうり）などの異称もある。

トマトは長らく独自の属（トマト属 Lycopersicon）に分類されてきたが、1990年代ごろからの様々な系統解析の結果、最近の分類ではナス属 (Solanum) に戻すようになってきている。元々リンネはトマトをナス属に含めてlycopersicum（ギリシャ語lycos '狼' + persicos '桃'）という種小名を与えたが、1768年にフィリップミラーがトマト属を設立して付けたLycopersicon esculentumが学名として広く用いられてきた。この学名は国際植物命名規約上不適切な（種小名を変えずにLycopersicon lycopersicumと すべき）ものであったが、広く普及していたため保存名とされてきた。しかし系統解析によりトマト属に分類されてきた植物がナス属の内部に含まれることが明 らかとなったため、ナス属を分割するか、トマト属を解消してナス属に戻すかの処置が必要になった。したがってリンネのやり方に戻して、学名もSolanum lycopersicumとするようになっている。
植物学において、近年トマトはナス科のモデル植物として注目されている。Micro Tom は矮性で実験室でも育成が可能な系統として利用されている。また、国際的なゲノムプロジェクトも行われており、研究のためのリソースが整備されつつある。

栽培種としてのトマト [編集]

植物的特性 [編集]

日本では冬に枯死するため一年生植物であるが、熱帯地方などでは多年生であり適切な環境の下では長年月にわたって生育し続け、延々と開花と結実を続けることができる。1本仕立てで1年間の長期栽培を行うとその生長量は8m～10mにも達する。
通常の品種（支柱に誘引するタイプ）では発芽後、本葉8葉から9葉目に最初の花房（第一花房）が付き、その後は3葉おきに花房を付ける性質をもつ。地這栽培用の品種では２葉おきに花房をつける品種も多い。 また、各節位からは側枝が発生する。側枝では5葉目と6葉目に花房が付き、その後は3葉おきに花房を付けるが、側枝は栽培管理上、除去される事が多い。 株がストレスを受けると正常な位置に花が付かない（花飛び）現象が発生するため、株が適切に生育しているかどうかを示す指針となる。
適温は昼温20～25度、夜温10～20度とされる。気温が30度を超えた環境では花粉稔性の低下により着果障害や不良果が増加し、最低気温が5～10度を下回ると障害を受ける。適湿度は65～85%でありこれ以下では生育が劣り、これ以上では病気が発生しやすくなる。
潅水量が多すぎると果実が割れ、少ないと障害果が発生するため、高品質な果実を作るためには潅水量の細かい制御を必要とする作物である。潅水量を減らすことで高糖度な果実を生産することができるが、収量は減少する。水耕栽培では養液の浸透圧を制御する事で高糖度化を行うことができる。

トマトにはアルカロイド配糖体(トマチン)が含まれる。その含量は品種や栽培方法によって異なるが、かずさDNA研究所による測定例では、花 (1100mg/kg) 、葉 (975mg/kg) 、茎 (896mg/kg) 、未熟果実 (465mg/kg) 、熟した青い果実・グリーントマト (48mg/kg) 、完熟果実 (0.4mg/kg) という報告がされている。
http://ja.wikipedia.org

Naomi Campbell

Naomi Campbell (born 22 May 1970) is a British model. Scouted at the age of 15, she established herself among the top three most recognisable and in-demand models of the late 1980s and early 1990s,^[3] and she was one of six models of her generation declared "supermodels" by the fashion world.^[4] As the most famous black model of her time,^[5] Campbell has been outspoken throughout her career against the racial bias that exists in the fashion industry.^[6] Her personal life is widely reported, particularly her affairs with famous men—including boxer Mike Tyson and actor Robert De Niro^[7]—and several high-profile assault 

 convictions.^[8]

mpbell was born in the working-class Streatham^[9] In accordance with her mother's wishes, Campbell has never met her father,^[10] who abandoned her mother when she was four months pregnant,^[9] and who went unnamed on her birth certificate.^[10] She took on the surname Campbell from her mother's second marriage.^[9] Her half-brother, Pierre, was born in 1986.^[11] Campbell is of Afro-Jamaican descent, as well as of Chinese Jamaican ancestry through her paternal grandmother, who carried the family name Ming.^[9] district of South London, the daughter of Jamaican-born dancer Valerie Morris.

During her early years, Campbell lived in Rome, where her mother worked as a modern dancer.^[7] Following their return to London, she was left in the care of her maternal grandmother, Ruby, while her mother travelled across Europe with the dance troupe Fantastica.^[11] Campbell later blamed her ill temper and well-documented violent outbursts on the emotional trauma of being abandoned by her mother as a child, stating, "It comes from, I think, an abandonment issue and it comes from also trying to just build up a family around me that's not my immediate family and if I feel a mistrust, then all my cards go down."^[12]

At five years old, Campbell was enrolled at the Barbara Speake Stage School.^[11] Her first public appearance came at the age of seven, in 1978, when she was featured in the music video for Bob Marley's "Is This Love".^[13] That same year, she played Snow White in two episodes of the Children's Film FoundationThe Chiffy Kids.^[14] At the age of ten, Campbell was accepted into the Italia Conti Academy, where she studied ballet.^[9] Two years later, she tap-danced in the music video for Culture Club's "I'll Tumble 4 Ya".^[7] television series

In 1993, Campbell twice appeared on the cover of American Vogue; in April, alongside Christy Turlington, Claudia Schiffer, Stephanie Seymour, and Helena Christensen, and again, solo, in June. She famously fell on the runway in Vivienne Westwood's foot-high platform shoes, which were later displayed at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.^[15] Despite her success, however, Elite Model Management, which had represented Campbell since 1987, fired her in September, on the grounds that "no amount of money or prestige could further justify the abuse" to staff and clients.^[21] Elite founder John Casablancas described her as "manipulative, scheming, rude, and impossible."^[21]

In the mid 1990s, Campbell branched out into other areas of the entertainment industry.^[21] Her novel Swan, about a supermodel dealing with blackmail, was released in 1994 to poor reviews.^[22] It was ghostwritten by Caroline Upcher, with Campbell explaining that she "just did not have the time to sit down and write a book."^[23] That same year, Campbell released her album babywoman, named after designer Rifat Ozbek's nickname for her.^[7] A critical and commercial failure,^[24] the album produced the single "Love and Tears", which reached No. 40 on the UK charts.^[25] In 1995, Campbell and fellow models Claudia Schiffer and Elle Macpherson invested in an ill-fated chain of restaurants called the Fashion Café.^[4] Campbell also attempted an acting career: she had small roles in Miami Rhapsody and Spike Lee's Girl 6, as well as a recurring role on the second season of New York Undercover.^[14]

In 1998, Time declared the end of the supermodel era.^[4] By then, Campbell had mostly retired from the runway,^[4] but she continued print modelling. In 1999, she signed her first cosmetics contract with Cosmopolitan Cosmetics, a division of Wella, through which she launched several signature fragrances.^[7] In November of that year, she posed with twelve other top models for the "Modern Muses" cover of the Millennium Issue of American Vogue, shot by Annie Leibovitz.^[7] The following month, she appeared in a white string bikini and furs on the cover of Playboy.^[7] In October 2001, she appeared with rapper Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs on the cover of British Vogue, with the headline "Naomi and Puff: The Ultimate Power Duo".^[7]

http://id.wikipedia.org

Michael Owen

Michael James Owen (born 14 December 1979 in Chester) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker for Manchester United.^[2]
The son of former footballer Terry Owen, Owen began his senior career at Liverpool in 1996. He progressed through the Liverpool youth team and scored on his debut in May 1997. In his first full season in the Premier League he finished as joint top scorer. He repeated the feat the following year and was Liverpool's top goal scorer from 1997–2004, in spite of a recurring hamstring injury. His first major club honours came in 2001 when Liverpool won a cup treble of the UEFA Cup, FA Cup and Football League Cup, and Owen was the recipient of the Ballon d'Or that year. He went on to score 118 goals in 216 appearances in the Premier League for Liverpool.

Internationally, Owen first played for the senior England team in 1998, becoming England's youngest player and youngest goalscorer at the time. His performance at the 1998 World Cup brought him to national and international prominence and he went on to appear, and score, in Euro 2000, the 2002 World Cup and Euro 2004. He is the only player to ever have scored in four major tournaments for England. He played at the 2006 World Cup but suffered an injury which took him a year to recover from. Occasionally playing as captain, he is England's seventh most-capped player and has scored a national record of 26 competitive goals, with 40 in total from 89 appearances, most recently in 2008.^[3]
Owen's long injury absence after the 2006 World Cup resulted in a dispute between FIFA and The FA and Newcastle United, and eventually resulted in an unprecedented £10m compensation award to Newcastle, and brought changes to the compensation arrangements between club and country regarding injuries sustained by contracted club players while on international duty.
http://en.wikipedia.org

Sinopsis Tamra the Island

Drama ini mengisahkan tentang seorang pria yang berkebangsaan Inggris bernama William Spencer (Pierre Deporte)yang terdampar di sebuah pulau bernama Tamra. Drama ini bersetting pada abad 17, saat itu Korea masih dikuasai dinasti Joseon (Jangan2 masa pemerintahannya SukJong di Dong Yi z.. ). 


Dalam drama ini William digambarkan sebagai seorang pria bule yang sangat terobsesi pada daratan timur. Ia lari dari negaranya untuk bertualang ke daratan timur dengan menumpang kapal Belanda yang akan berlayar ke Jepang. Di tengah perjalanan, kapal yang ditumpangi William mengalami kecelakaan sehingga ia terlempar ke laut dan terdampar di pulau Tamra yang kemudian ditemukan oleh seorang penyelam wanita bernama Jang Beo Jin (Seo Woo). Di sisi lain, ada seorang pria bernama Park Kyu (Im Joo Hwan) yang datang ke pulau Tamra dengan menyamar sebagai narapidana, padahal ia sebenarnya adalah seorang pejabat istana. Kisah berkembang dengan cerita cinta segitiga antara William, Beo Jin dan Park Kyu.

Drama Tamra the Island ini diangkat dari sebuah komik dari judul yang sama. Yang membuat film ini unik, karena film ini merupakan film Korea yang tokoh utamanya seorang bule (Pierre Deporte) yang lahir dan besar di Perancis tetapi fasih berbahasa Korea. Kata Tamra itu sendiri ternyata merupakan kata lain dari Jeju.. Jadi drama ini judulnya Pulau Jeju… pulau yang paling indah di Korea.

http://pangeran229.wordpress.com

Pierre Deporte di Tamra the island

Pierre Deporte yang wajahnya ikut menghiasi layar kaca dalam drama akhir pekan ‘Tamra the Island/Tempted Again’ sedang jadi topik hangat. Mungkin karena sekarang lahan entertainment Korea sudah memulai membuka jalan bagi warga asing untuk terjun ke sana.
Ketika ‘Tamra the Island’ mengadakan jumpa pers di sebuah hotel di Seoul. Pierre mencengangkan banyak pihak karena dia lancar berbahasa Korea. ‘Tamra the Island’ adalah debut Pierre pertamakali. Dia memerankan tokoh William, pemuda Inggris yang terdampar di pulau Tamra ( Tamra adalah nama awal pulau Jeju). Saat akting Deporte mengatakan, “Yang terpenting harus ku ingat adalah membaca dan mengerti skrip yang diberikan sebelum berakting. Aku baca skrip dan mencari tahu kata-kata apa yang tidak ku mengerti dalam kamus mobile ku.”
Semua itu terimakasih pada Ibu tirinya yang berasal dari korea yang menikahi ayahnya yang berkebangsaan Perancis, jadi Deporte belajar bahasa Korea sejak umur 5 tahun, kefasihannya dalam berbicara membuktikan betapa Koreanya dia.
Sutradara Yoon Sang-ho juga mengatakan, “Meskipun kami khawatir terhadapa Deporte karena dia itu orang asing dan masih rookie dalam bidang akting, tapi dia menyerap hal-hal yang di pelajarinya saat latihan dengan baik. Dan karena jalan pikiran serta kelakuannya yang sangat Korea, dia seperti orang Korea berambut pirang.”
Ini kali pertama ada aktor asing yang menjadi salah satu lead aktor dalam sebuah drama. Bukan hanya Deporte yang masih Rookie di drama akhir pekan tersebut, tapi kelima-limanya adalah aktor baru yang punya wajah fresh.
Tamra adalah drama yang diadaptasi dari komik berjudul sama yang terinspirasi dari kisah Hendrik Hamel (Belanda) yang terdampar di  pulau Jeju  saat ingin pergi ke Jepang di abad ke 17.

http://dangyunhajisecrets.wordpress.com

Switzerland

Switzerland (German: die Schweiz,^{[note 3]} French: Suisse, Italian: Svizzera, Romansh: Svizra), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,^{[note 4]} where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.

Switzerland comprises three main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, and Italian, to which the Romansh-speaking valleys are added. The Swiss therefore do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnic or linguistic identity. The strong sense of belonging to the country is founded on the common historical background, shared values (federalism, direct democracy, neutrality)^[11] and Alpine symbolism.^[12] The establishment of the Swiss Confederation is traditionally dated to 1 August 1291; Swiss National Day is celebrated on the anniversary.

The earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC,^[21] possibly under some influence from the Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii. In 58 BC, at the Battle of Bibracte, Julius Caesar's armies defeated the Helvetii.^[21] In 15 BC, Tiberius, who was destined to be the second Roman emperor and his brother, Drusus, conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii—the namesakes of the later Confoederatio Helvetica—first became part of Rome's Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province, while the eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia.

In the Early Middle Ages, from the 4th century, the western extent of modern-day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians. The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century, forming Alemannia. Modern-day Switzerland was therefore then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy.^[21] The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the 6th century, following Clovis I's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD, and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians.^[23][24]

Throughout the rest of the 6th, 7th and 8th centuries the Swiss regions continued under Frankish hegemony (Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties). But after its extension under Charlemagne, the Frankish empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.^[21] The territories of present day Switzerland became divided into Middle Francia and East Francia until they were reunified under the Holy Roman Empire around 1000 AD.^[21]

By 1200, the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy, Zähringer, Habsburg and Kyburg.^[21] Some regions (Uri, Schwyz, Unterwalden, later known as Waldstätten) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes. When the Kyburg dynasty fell in 1264 AD, the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I (Holy Roman Emperor in 1273) extended their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau.^[23]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland

Oxford: British and International

Oxford University has been at the forefront of understanding the world and shaping it for centuries. Since the Enlightenment, Oxford has been one of the world’s most influential and international universities.

• Today, one third of our students and academic staff are from overseas.
• We collaborate with colleagues around the world on topics of international importance, from the origins of the universe to the challenges of present-day globalisation.
• Our tutorial system is famous for the intensive, rigorous education it provides.
• Our graduate programmes train academic leaders around the globe.
• Centuries before most of today’s leading universities existed, we welcomed our first international student, Emo of Friesland, in 1190. Decades before most universities became interested in international students, the Rhodes Scholarships started bringing talented international students to Oxford.
• We have educated 25 British prime ministers and over 30 foreign presidents and prime ministers.
• Oxford has defined the English language for many people around the world, through the dictionaries and other books of Oxford university Press (OUP), the world’s largest university press, present in 50 countries.

Shaping the world we live in today

Our research and students have fundamentally shaped the world we live in today.

• The worldwide web was created by Tim Berners-Lee - who studied as an undergraduate at Oxford.
• Dr Manmohan Singh, prime minister of India, helped liberalise trade in India in the early 1990s, leading to substantial economic growth and reduction in poverty rates - after doing his doctorate in economics in Oxford.
• Oxford Professor Nick White proved the life-saving efficacy of today’s most effective anti-malarial drug, artemesinin, in the treatment of severe malaria.
• Oxford academic Fred Taylor developed ‘infrared remote sensing’, which allows us to monitor the heat radiated by the earth’s atmosphere, a critical tool in analysing climate change.
• Oxford professors (the late) Sir Richard Doll and Sir Richard Peto identified the full role of cigarette smoking in causing lung cancer and vascular diseases, and have quantified its likely impact in rapidly growing populations such as China.
   
  http://www.ox.ac.uk/international/oxford_british_and_international/index.html

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( /ˈroʊzəvɛlt/ roh-zə-velt or /ˈroʊzəvəlt/ roh-zə-vəlt; January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945) also known by his initials, FDR, was the 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945) and a central figure in world events during the mid-20th century, leading the United States during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war. The only American president elected to more than two terms, he facilitated a durable coalition that realigned American politics for decades. FDR defeated incumbent Republican Herbert Hoover in November 1932, at the depths of the Great Depression. FDR's persistent optimism and activism contributed to a renewal of the national spirit.^[1] He worked closely with Winston Churchill and Joseph Stalin in leading the Allies against Germany and Japan in World War II, but died just as victory was in sight.

Roosevelt is an Anglicized form of the Dutch surname 'Van Rosevelt,' or 'Van Rosenvelt', meaning 'from field of roses.'^[2] Although some use an Anglicized spelling pronunciation of /ˈruːzəvɛlt/, that is, with the vowel of ruse, FDR himself used [ˈroʊzəvəlt], with the vowel of rose. (The last syllable was pronounced by him with a schwa, or nondescript vowel, almost as vult.)
The family was wealthy, and the family had inherited millions from the opium trade.^[3]
One of the oldest families in New York State, the Roosevelts distinguished themselves in areas other than politics. One ancestor, Isaac Roosevelt, had served with the New York militia during the American Revolution.^[4] Roosevelt attended events of the New York society Sons of the American Revolution, and joined the organization while he was president. His mother named him after her favorite uncle Franklin Delano.
Roosevelt was born on January 30, 1882, in the Hudson Valley town of Hyde Park, New York. His father, James Roosevelt, and his mother, Sara Ann Delano, were sixth cousins^[4] and both were from wealthy old New York families, of Dutch and French ancestry respectively. Franklin was their only child.
Roosevelt grew up in an atmosphere of privilege. Sara was a possessive mother; James, 54 when Franklin was born, was considered by some as a remote father, though biographer Burns indicates James interacted with his son more than was typical at the time.^[5] Sara was the dominant influence in Franklin's early years;^[6] she once declared "My son Franklin is a Delano, not a Roosevelt at all."^[4] Frequent trips to Europe made Roosevelt conversant in German and French. He learned to ride, shoot, row, and play polo and lawn tennis. Roosevelt also took up golf in his teen years, becoming a skilled long, hitter. He learned to sail; his father gave him a sailboat which he named "New Moon".
Roosevelt attended Groton School, an Episcopal boarding school in Massachusetts; ninety percent of the students were from families on the social register. He was heavily influenced by its headmaster, Endicott Peabody, who preached the duty of Christians to help the less fortunate and urged his students to enter public service. Forty years later Roosevelt said of Peabody, "It was a blessing in my life to have the privilege of [his] guiding hand."^[7] Roosevelt was a "B" student.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt